Regional and temporal changes in bivalve diversity off the south coast of Portugal     

M.M. Rufino  M.B. Gaspar  F. Maynou  C.C. Monteiro 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2008,80(4):517-528

From 2000 to 2006, a total of 75 bivalve species were identified, varying from 29 (spring 2001) to 54 species (spring 2005) per year. Seasonal tendencies in diversity varied according the year, thus the interpretation of long-term and regional scales is essential before drawing any conclusions in other studies. Richness and diversity consistently decreased with depth and increased with sediment grain size (from low in very coarse sand to high in coarse silt). Diversity decreased progressively from 3 to 16 m depth, thus the harsher shallower environments (due to waves and tidal air exposure) showed greater diversity than the most stable areas. Communities in finer sediments were more diverse than those in coarser sand. Evenness showed patterns opposite to diversity, overall.Diversity and evenness maps (produced with multivariate universal kriging), showed that most geographic areas with greater diversity were farer from river outflows and wastewater treatment plants. Two types of geographic pattern were observed: areas with persistently greater bivalve diversity through time and areas that changed locally from year to year. This spatial analysis can be used to establish priority conservation areas for management purposes, and to analyse the persistency of regional diversity patterns. The area with most habitat heterogeneity (Sotavento) corresponded to greatest diversity.There was a positive relationship between Spisula solida and Chamelea gallina landings and bivalve diversity 2 years and 1 year later, respectively. Possibly, local fisheries, by selectively withdrawing the commercial numerically dominant species from the ecosystem, increased diversity 1 to 2 years later, as the ecological niches of the dominants are quickly filled by several other species thereby creating a more even community. On regional scales, no significant impact was found on long-term bivalve diversity in local fisheries,  相似文献   

Making spaces: The ethnic Brao people and the international border between Laos and Cambodia     

Ian G. Baird 《Geoforum》2010,41(2):271-281

On December 6, 1904 the present international border between Laos and Cambodia was unilaterally established when the French colonial government extracted Stung Treng Province from Laos and transferred it to Cambodia. The ethnic Brao people living in the border region were not well known to the French, and in any case, their views were not deemed important. But since then the Brao have utilised this state administrative boundary in ways not intended by its designers, or governments since then, to give them more power to create new spaces. When conditions in Cambodia have been deemed unfavourable, the Brao have often crossed into Laos, and similarly, when circumstances have been less advantageous in Laos they have moved to Cambodia.This paper traces the history of the Brao as it specifically relates to the international border between Laos and Cambodia. While this administrative boundary was created to help national governments keep populations confined within nation-states, Brao human agency has sometimes confounded these efforts, through transforming its significance and role. The boundary has separated Brao populations in ways that are sometimes upsetting to them, but it has also allowed the Brao to position themselves at the margins of different nation-states, in spaces where they have been able to, at least temporarily, avoid or reduce state control over them. These are not non-state spaces; they are fundamentally constituted by a state-established boundary, even if the Brao have been able to mobilise this resource to empower themselves, and sometimes to resist the state itself.  相似文献   

“组织-贸易”视角下全球能源治理网络的基本结构及其边界重构     

杨宇  任亚文 《地理研究》2023,42(1):1-16

全球能源治理是当前能源话语权塑造的重要形式,其本质是能源利益主体间围绕多元能源议题而构建的关系网络。在以往相关研究中,各能源组织的架构、功能、绩效以及所产生的复杂影响占据了主要内容,而对于全球能源治理的整体结构以及内部关系却未能有进一步探索。本研究认为,能源组织与实际贸易存在交互关系,将二者相结合来进一步呈现和解释全球能源治理架构是有必要的。基于此,本研究以2019年为时间节点,收集主要能源组织的属性数据与各国之间的石油和天然气贸易数据,将国家间在能源治理组织的常态化合作关系与实际发生的能源贸易关系作为分析基础;并利用社会网络分析方法构建全球能源治理网络,探析其基本结构以及出现的“边界重构”现象。研究发现：(1)能源组织网络与能源贸易网络存在显著的结构性差异,在两种网络对比中,美国与俄罗斯均占据主导地位。(2)中国已经成为能源贸易大国,但在全球能源组织合作中不具优势,与传统能源利益集团之间缺乏正式的治理合作。(3)全球能源治理体系呈现出典型的“核心-边缘”结构,主要被划分为欧盟以及亚太-北美“社区”,其中OECD（经济合作与发展组织）国家占据“核心”地位;而以单一能源输出为主导功能的出...  相似文献   

基于Ripley’s K函数浙江城市空间格局及其影响分析     

葛莹  朱国慧  王华辰  赵慧慧 《地理科学》2014,(11):1361-1368

以Ripley′s K函数为核心,通过城市区位与规模联立估计、地理权重引入、全局函数分解等手段,研究2001~2010年浙江省已有县级及以上城市空间分布的总体及局部估计问题,探讨城市空间格局与特征,以期揭示边界效应和市场潜力对浙江城市空间格局的影响机理。结果表明:1浙江省城市区位与规模的空间格局不一致,即前者是分散分布而后者是集聚分布,且随着空间尺度的增加,其分散或集聚程度逐步加强。2无论是行政边界还是海岸线,对浙江省城市区位与规模的空间分布演化有一定的负向作用。空间尺度越大,边界负效应越强。3在城市化发展过程中,浙江形成了3个各具产业特色的块状组团式城市聚集区,但边界负效应会抑制它们的发展,此时杭州、宁波将承担起服务全省经济的重要职责。4浙江城市规模因受市场潜力因素的影响会出现空间分布不均衡性。城市规模与市场潜力显著正相关,其程度却随着空间尺度的增加而减小。  相似文献   

1987—2018年西双版纳橡胶林时空变化及其线状特征     

翟佳豪  刘影  肖池伟 《热带地理》2022,42(8):1376-1385

基于1987—2018年西双版纳30 m分辨率橡胶林数据集,利用叠置、缓冲区等GIS空间分析方法,对比分析了过去32年橡胶林沿道路、河流和边境线的空间变化特征与区域差异。结果表明：1）1987—2018年,西双版纳橡胶种植面积在道路、河流沿线5 km以内分别增加了1 874.6和1 484.6 km²,在边境地区（国境线20 km缓冲带）增加了1 393.1 km²。2）从道路沿线看,受橡胶种植可达性和交通运输影响,过去32年道路5 km缓冲带内的橡胶林平均占比超过九成。3）从河流沿线看,因灌溉和水源等需求,过去32年河流沿线5 km缓冲带内橡胶林平均占比69.7%。值得注意的是,受天然橡胶价格持续低迷、城镇化与生态环境保护等影响,2010年河流沿线橡胶林种植面积开始下降,沿线2 km内表现尤为显著。4）从边境地区看,西双版纳橡胶林种植呈明显趋边性特征,跨境种植频繁。过去32年边境沿线地区橡胶林平均占比55.6%,且由1987年的35.4%上升到2018年的66.2%,其中,在中缅边境的扩张面积和速率高于中老边境。  相似文献   

边界效应下居民跨珠海-澳门边界活动特征与机制分析     

郑晴晴  周素红  文萍 《世界地理研究》2022,31(3):662-672

作为跨行政等级主体的澳门,与大湾区其他城市之间存在制度与地理双重边界,跨珠海-澳门（珠澳）边界活动更具复杂性。以珠海拱北口岸的跨边界大湾区居民作为研究对象,根据身份属性将其分为内地访澳旅客、内地通勤劳工、来陆娱购澳人以及在陆居住澳人四大类。通过问卷调查与深度访谈,采用时空路径和2-模社会网络分析的方法,探究在边界效应作用下居民跨边界活动的时空特征及社会交往特征,并对跨边界活动的影响机制进行分析。研究发现：边界效应下大湾区居民跨珠澳边界活动空间的交互性不足,个人活动主要集中在局部空间。在局部空间下,内地访澳旅客与来陆娱购澳人跨边界活动内容和交往对象单一,活动交往以工具性联系为主,缺乏信息与感情的传递;内地通勤劳工跨边界交往对象多样化,社会网络密度较大,但社会网络往往是由“强关系”创造的人情网,社会文化边界仍有待消融;在陆居住澳人跨边界社会网络密度以及联系多样性较大,具有良好的社会交互预期。居民的跨珠澳边界活动受到一国两制与通行制度制约、异质文化与梯度经济吸引以及社会心理与差异性政策调节的共同作用。  相似文献   

人文地理学视域下中国边境地区研究进展与展望     

程艺  刘慧  宋涛  张芳芳 《地理科学进展》2022,41(10):1940-1955

边境地区是重要的国家安全屏障和多重权力空间影响下的特殊脆弱地带。科学总结边境研究发展历程有助于厘清边境研究脉络,为实现边境长治久安与可持续发展提供科学支撑。论文以中国知网(CNKI)和科学引文索引(Web of Science)中人文地理学相关视域下的中国边境研究学术论文为依据,借助科学知识图谱方法,分析了1990年以来中国边境研究历程、趋势及热点等基本特征。研究发现：中国边境研究经历了“开放探索—社会建构—战略引领”的发展历程,研究热点区域逐渐由东北地区转向西南地区,“边境贸易”“边境旅游”“边境口岸”“一带一路”是4个核心关键词聚类。边境研究主要内容包括边境贸易与开发开放、边境旅游资源开发、社会建构与和谐发展、边境口岸与城市功能,以及地缘环境与边境安全。当前,中国边境研究在规律探索、定量总结等方面仍然不足,论文在构建多要素—多主体—多尺度集成的边境地理研究框架基础上,提出未来应加强边境风险与安全、跨境合作机制、边境效应理论、边境可持续发展等研究,为后续边境研究提供参考,支撑中国边境安全与现代化治理。  相似文献   

CONCEPTION OF ESTABLISHING THE SINO-RUSSIAN BORDER FREE ECONOMIC REGION     

于国政  王荣芬 《中国地理科学(英文版)》1999,(3)

Ｓｏｃａｌｌｅｄｆｒｅｅｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃｒｅｇｉｏｎｉｓａｓｐｅｃｉａｌｒｅｇｉｏｎｗｉｔｈｏｕｔｊｕｒｉｓｄｉｃｔｉｏｎｏｆｃｕｓｔｏｍｓ，ｄｅｌｉｍｉｔｅｄｂｙｏｎｅｃｏｕｎｔｒｙ．Ｉｎｔｈｉｓｒｅｇｉｏｎｖａｒｉｏｕｓｐｒｅｆｅｒｅｎｔｉａｌｐｏｌｉｃｉｅｓｏｆｒｅｄｕｃｉｎｇｏｒｒｅｍｉｔｔｉｎｇｔａｘａｔｉｏｎａｒｅｉｍｐｌｅｍｅｎｔｅｄ．Ｉｔｃａｎｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｍａｎｙｃｏｎｖｅｎｉｅｎｔｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｓｆｏｒｆｒｅｅｆｌｏｗｏｆｉｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌｃｏｍｍｏｄｉｔｙ…  相似文献   

典型融雪期雪层融雪水出流条件模拟及分析     

张波  刘志辉  高云  房世峰 《干旱区地理》2015,38(3)

融雪期雪层融雪水的运移及流出过程模拟乃是国际冰雪水文学研究的难点之一,准确模拟融雪水的出流过程对于春季融雪型洪水的预报具有重要作用。本研究基于EM50、农业小环境监测仪和一些常规监测手段,获取了典型融雪期雪层的雪粒径、雪深及日气温数据,利用Excel、DPS、Arcgis及SPSS等分析软件对数据进行综合处理,并采用回归分析对融雪水的出流条件进行了建模分析,利用神经网络模型对模拟结果进行检验。结果表明:积温可作为融雪水外流的参考性指标,用于融雪水外流过程的预测分析;雪粒径和雪深都与融雪水外流积温条件存在显著相关性,且相关系数0.96;逐步回归可以很好地模拟融雪水外流的积温条件,模拟的误差仅为124.5℃·min,时间误差为15 min,模拟效果良好。该研究对于进一步探讨融雪期雪层融雪水的出流规律、开展雪层融雪水运移过程的数值模拟等工作具有重要意义。  相似文献   

COSMOPOLITANISM: THE MEDITERRANEAN ARCHIVES†     

PAOLO GIACCARIA 《Geographical review》2012,102(3):293-315

The existing postcolonial literature privileges the British and French imperial/colonial history that mirrors the ongoing debate on the relationship among cosmopolitanism, universalism, and imperialism. These debates take for granted the Kantian and Hegelian hierarchy of European civilizations, hence marginalizing the southern shores of Europe and the broader Mediterranean space. Drawing on Mignolo's notion of “border thinking” and on Isin's account of the city as a “difference machine,” I address the issue of how imperialism, colonialism, and cosmopolitanism come together and relate to each other in the context of the Mediterranean (allegedly) cosmopolitan cities. In particular, cosmopolitanism is read as the outcome of the reciprocal adjustment of interior and exterior borders in the making of modernity/coloniality in the Mediterranean. Focusing on the Ottoman millet system, my main claim in this article is that cosmopolitanism worked as a peculiar dispositif within the urban difference machine, enabling the city to sustain the tension between different accounts of citizenship.  相似文献